Hopefully, here is a Iron Barrel wiring diagram.
With the fuse between the battery positive terminal and the ignition switch, the short could be just about anywhere.
The comment about the wiring going into the casquette is a good one. Those wires get bent every time the handlebars move so it is entirely possible that one of them has broken thru its insulation and made contact with a grounding wire next to it.
Before tearing too far into the harness though, I would examine the wires that can be easily seen.
On my Royal Enfield there were a lot of places where a wire was rubbing against a bracket on the frame. Assuming your old iron barrel is probably similar, look at any place where a wire is held in place against some part of the frame.
If the fuse blows only when the headlight is on, the tail-light wire is a good place to start, where it runs under the rear mud guard.