The richer slide has a slightly different profile on the bottom of the slide.
This cutaway creates a condition where slightly less air goes thru the main venturi of the carb during all throttle openings.
The different needle jets are just like any other jet. Larger orifices allow more fuel to flow, smaller orifices allow less fuel to flow.
The various jets affect different throttle positions in mixture setting.
See if you can get the Mikuni Carburetor Tuning Guide, because that has all the explanations and techniques for tuning in it. Very worthwhile documentation to have.