Ryan - here's what I would do...
If your solenoid has no indications of connection polarity, I'd connect something that indicates continuity (VOM? Test light with some electricity to power it?) across the big starter leads. It should indicate no continuity, i.e. the solenoid is not activated, when you've got no power across the small leads.
Then, I'd take a wire lead off each battery terminal and quickly connect them across the small solenoid leads - just take a guess on the polarity. If the polarity matters, and you guess wrong, I would expect that the solenoid would not create a connection across the big terminals. It may not even make a noise. If you're quick, you shouldn't damage anything. Switch the leads from the battery, and try again. One of them should produce the desired result: a solid "click" and a connection between the big terminals. Connect the wires to match that configuration. Or, if polarity doesn't matter, they both might activate the solenoid.
Is there a chance you'll ruin the solenoid? I suppose so. But if I had to sort it out "right now", that's what I'd do.
Anyone know for certain about this question?